Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (HSD)

Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (HSD) encompass a group of conditions characterized by joint hypermobility, where joints move beyond the normal range of motion. Many individuals may have joint hypermobility with no symptoms - but a diagnosis of a Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder requires that hypermobility be present in conjuction with symptoms, like joint pain and instability. However, other symptoms frequently co-occur in HSD, affecting many different body systems (e.g. fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, tachycardia and dysautonomia, immune dysfunction).

HSD affects people of all ages and genders but may often be overlooked or misdiagnosed, especially when symptoms are milder or mistaken for other conditions. The exact prevalence is unknown, but research suggests it is more common in individuals assigned female at birth and those who are neurodivergent (e.g. autistic, ADHD). HSD and hEDS are both often associated with other conditions including POTS, ME/CFS, fibromyalgia, and autoimmune conditions. Recent research also suggests that joint hypermobility is associated with an increased risk of developing Long COVID after an acute COVID infection.

It can be difficult to differentiate between HSD and hypermobile Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (hEDS), as there is significant overlap between the two conditions, and no single diagnostic test. However, the two conditions are managed in effectively the same way, tailored to a person’s unique presentation and symptoms. This might include specific exercise therapy to assist with strengthening and improving stability of joints, improving functional capacity, lifestyle modifications, pain management approaches, and addressing associated symptoms and conditions like fatigue, gastrointestinal issues and dysautonomia.